Careers in International Law: A Comprehensive Guide (2024)

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If cross-border issues like international business and human rights are topics that interest you, then a masters in international law is a great postgraduate option to consider.

International law is a highly specialised and interdisciplinary field. A postgraduate super specialisation, International Law is typically offered as an LLM degree that one can pursue after a bachelor’s degree in law. Simply put, it is the study of the fundamental framework that governs and monitors interactions between countries, be it trade or diplomatic relations, human rights or armed conflicts.

A masters in international law opens up opportunities for jobs in a wide range of sectors, including working for government foreign ministries, international organisations, and non-governmental organisations or consultancies involved in international affairs.

On that note, let us delve deeper into the field of international law. This article covers

What is the scope of international law?
Why study LLM in international law?
What are the eligibility criteria required to study LLM?
What are the top universities to do a masters in International Law?
What are the career options?
Let us get you into top courses with no stress

What is the scope of international law?

In simple terms, International Law establishes legal frameworks, guidelines and treaties to protect and promote human rights and maintain relationships among sovereign nations.

A postgraduate degree in International Law can cover a broad area of study exploring topics of contemporary significance including international corporate law, laws relating to migrants and refugees, climate change and the use of natural resources, transitional justice, and so on.

These facets can be studied as modules as part of the master’s degree or as electives that will help you specialise in a particular domain of international law.

A significant component of international relations, International Law provides the core framework in many fields including

War, Peace and Security
Global trade and investment
Climate Change and environmental protection
Telecommunications
Air travel and maritime navigation

While the scope of the law cannot be precisely defined due to the absence of an apparent authority to enforce its provisions, the law has been categorised into smaller constituent parts and made applicable to protect the interests of the states and human rights at large. Let us take a look at some of the branches of international law.

Branches of International Law

At the outset, the provisions of international law can be classified into public, private and supranational law.

1. Public International Law:

This branch of the law deals with relationships among nations and international organisations such as the United Nations or the World Trade Organisation. Commonly referred to as “the Law of Nations”, public international law essentially governs the behaviour of nation-states, ensuring that individual governments act in mutual respect of one another. Typically, rules and regulations related to the environment, the ocean, international business and human rights fall under the ambit of Public International Law.

2. Private International Law: Also called “Conflict of Laws”, private international law is narrower in its scope. Let us say there is a conflict between two citizens of two different countries that have two different legal systems. The provisions of private international law will come into play to determine jurisdiction and determine which law can be applied. This form of law deals with individuals rather than countries. Legal issues with numerous areas such as torts, international contracts, family matters, intellectual property, real property, and others come under the ambit of this branch of the law.

3. Supranational Law: In this branch of the law, the nations limit their judicial rights and submit to a common tribunal for some specific disputes. The judgments passed by these courts would supersede any decision made by the national courts. The United Nations Security Council and the International Court of Justice are two globally accepted supranational tribunals. Another example of the supranational framework is the European Union Law. The EU Court of Justice has the power to overrule individual member states.

In addition to these aforementioned branches, international law can be further categorised depending on their areas of governance. Some of the categories are:

International Human Rights Law
Environmental Law
International Criminal Law
International Trade Law
International Intellectual Property Rights and so on.

Why study LLM in international law?

A master of laws in international law is a sought-after postgraduate option for law graduates. In addition to the personal interest that drives one to pursue this programme, the following are the benefits of gaining a masters in international law.

Niche Specialisations: As mentioned earlier, a master of laws in IL opens up numerous specialisations that an international student can pursue a diploma in. You can choose to specialise in any of the niche areas ranging from international conflict resolution to criminal justice, in line with your interests.
Top Universities and Research Opportunities: Be it arbitration or advocacy, some of the top universities in the world provide multiple modules of study in their international law programme. Be it the University of Melbourne in Australia, University College London or Cambridge University in the United Kingdom, Harvard Law School in the USA, NUS in Asia or the Heidelberg University providing one of the best master of laws in Germany, universities across the globe provide quality education and research opportunities in the field of international law.
Demand for international lawyers:
Globalisation has, in recent years, led to close ties between the private and public sectors, and this has fuelled a demand for international lawyers. The global legal services market is expected to have a CAGR of 4.5% from 2023 to 2030 to reach USD 1,362.81 billion by 2030.Owing to the phenomenon, we are also seeing a lot more big corporations opening global headquarters.

The top 5 commercial law firms in the U.K namely Allen & Overy, Slaughter and May, Clifford Chance, Linklaters, and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer – are constantly on the lookout for Indian talent which is licensed to work both domestically as well as abroad.

This cooperation with the Indian lawyers allows them to function in the country and even advise on Indian law which they are otherwise prohibited from doing.Moreover, developing countries also need lawyers to help them in their legal transformation. The role played by lawyers in the development of countries while assisting with new laws and amending current laws in legislatures and parliaments just can’t be overlooked. Also, international organisations like the United Nations, are in need of lawyers to interpret their charters and international law.
Understanding legal and cultural systems around the world: Another important benefit of gaining a postgraduate degree in international law is that it opens up your world view to perceive other legal and cultural systems across the globe. It equips you to better understand armed conflicts and international relations, making you a global citizen. An openness to these differences has a direct impact on your ability to network with professionals from varied backgrounds and contexts.
Scope for work in areas of philanthropy and profit: With this law degree, it is possible to build a career as an integral member of an international business organisation or find work helping some of the most vulnerable, marginalised people in the world.

What are the eligibility criteria required to study LLM?

Across the world, universities offer both full-time and part-time LLM programmes for international students, depending on their visa regulations. While the exact entry requirements vary with each university, here are some of the common criteria required to apply for a masters in law programme.

An undergraduate degree in law (LLB, Juris Doctor, or equivalent) with an acceptable GPA.
However, some universities accept other relevant bachelor degrees such as international relations, political science and others to get into their LLM programme.
Most top universities for LLM also expect you to have 2 – 3 years of work experience.
While not common, some universities in the UK might also require you to submit LSAT scores.
English Language Requirements: Proof of English language proficiency is a mandatory requirement for international students wanting to study LLM. Standardised tests that assess a candidate’s fluency in English such as IELTS, TOEFL or PTE are required.
An updated CV, statement of purpose and letters of recommendation
Financial statement proving a candidate’s ability to afford tuition and cost of living in the destination country
A valid passport

What are the top universities to do a masters in International Law?

Let us look at some of the top universities that offer LLM degree programmes across the globe. The following table covers location, ranking and tuition fee.

Ranking	University and Location	Course	Tuition Fee
1	American University in Washington	LLM in International Legal Studoes	~$60,000
2	University of Cambridge, UK	LLM	£39,378 (~$50,000)
3	Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Switzerland	LLM in International Law	CHF 28,000 (~$31,600)
4	University of Oxford, UK	MSc International Human Rights Law	£16,985 (~$21,530)
5	London School of Economics and Political Science, UK	LLM with multiple specialisation options	£36,168 (~$45,842)
6	University of Helsinki, Finland	Masters in International Business Law	€15,000 (~$16,270)
7	New York University, USA	LLM in International Legal Studies	$76,878
8	Utrecht University, Netherlands	Masters in Public International Law	€18,332 (~$19,884)
9	School of Law, University of Chicago Illinois, USA	LLM	$76,479
10	School of Law, University of California Berkeley, USA	LLM	~$73,000

The application deadlines and processes vary with universities and countries. The start date in most US and UK universities is September. The duration of the course is typically one or two years full-time. The programmes involve an in-depth study of the various modules of international law through coursework, seminars, assignments, research work, case studies and practical experience gained through internships.

What are the career options?

International law is a fast-changing dynamic field, and experts have no dearth of opportunities. After qualifying in this domain you can choose to become a corporate lawyer, policy advisor, mediator, or a legal advisor, to name a few. You can also work with non-governmental or intergovernmental organisations.

For instance, international organisations like the United Nations are on a constant lookout for talented individuals inclined towards bringing forth a global change. Lawyers for the United Nations are employed in a wide range of fields including environmental law, maritime law, trade law and treaties. In such a situation, a person with expertise in international law holds a prominent edge above the others.

Here are some of the typical job roles after an LLM in International Law.

1. Corporate lawyer

They are the most active international lawyers today. The main task of a corporate lawyer is to aid clients in business transactions. They are champions of international business laws and ensure that a company’s operations are compliant with the international standards.

They represent clients in courts, defend their case and also initiate legal actions on their behalf while keeping them in the loop. However, professionals with expertise in local issues such as securities and regulations or trademarks are more likely to be hired. The nitty-gritty of the application of these in the international sphere can be learned later as well. On average, they earn USD 107,300 p.a.

In a typical law firm, you can enter the firm as either an associate or a partner.

Associate

Freshers who have just ventured into corporate law can join companies in the capacity of junior or senior attorneys. Working under the supervision of a senior associate, their task generally adheres to looking into the day-to-day affairs of their clients. While the work allotted depends on the size of the firm, the career growth is tremendous with increasing years of experience.

Partner

Their work generally pertains to supervising the legal and technical support teams of the law firms while running the daily administrative affairs. Other areas that are of interest to them include managing the new projects allotted by the clients and keeping an eye on vendor relationships. Their expertise lies in handling all the projects perfectly while ensuring that the work on the talent is balanced to receive the best outcomes.

A list of the popular industries hiring corporate lawyers include
Law firms
Consultancies
Law enforcement agencies
Corporate firms
Judiciary
Law institutions

2. Chief Legal Managers

An expert with years of experience in commercial law, a chief legal manager is the head of all the legal matters of an organisation. They are the legal face of the firms and preside over the entire legal procedure from the minutes of details to the biggest of deals. Compared to corporate lawyers who deal primarily with business operations, legal managers are expected to have a broader scope of knowledge including intellectual property and franchising, corporate law, international trade laws and so on.

3. Diplomat

Besides collecting and sharing information relevant to their client’s needs, diplomats also work towards maintaining healthy international relations. After all, the entire corpus of diplomatic law is derived based on state immunity and sovereign immunity. Moreover, they work relentlessly toward negotiating treaties and providing aid during crises. They earn USD 86,200 p.a. on an average.

4. Industry Experts

Their expertise is used in legal insight in all the essential matters of the organisation ranging from transactions and business associations to contracts and beyond.

5. Policy advisor

Besides working closely with policy analysts on the implementation of public policies, these experts lend their expertise in writing and presenting well-researched reports for government bodies. They basically have three interlinking roles: advising, negotiating and litigating. Over time, there has been tremendous growth in the scope of work of policy advisors thanks to the diversification of international law and the pressing need for specialisation thereby, the gradual codification of international law and also an increase in monitoring and accountability mechanisms. They can also evaluate potential risks on policy documents. Their average paycheck is USD 74,500 p.a.

A policy advisor’s job requires a high level of expertise. Therefore, a masters degree is recommended. Further, an aspirant can also go for a PhD to get more access to opportunities. The importance of internships and work experiences cannot be neglected either.

Master of Public Administration, Master of Public Policy and the Master of Public Policy, are also the more popular courses among aspirants. Since the degrees are quite broad in themselves, many of the students choose to concentrate on a particular area that interests them.

Another good decision would be to opt for entry-level jobs right at the bachelors level. This will give more insight into the professional lives of policy advisors, and the hands-on practical experience gained is indispensable. This will also act as a reliable platform for network building. Many students also volunteer for political organisations.

6. Mediator

Mediators study individual cases in depth. Upon doing so, they do their best to provide mutual solutions and avoid the possibility of a court hearing for both the parties. Being a mediator is all about conflict resolution so a person with good reasoning, problem solving abilities and peacemaking skills will reach great heights in this profession. Examples of conflicts that mediators generally strive to resolve include labour issues, health care disputes, environmental issues and international conflicts. This job is highly confidential. Mediators make over USD 51,700 p.a.

Though a degree in law goes a long way, education in mediation is the most important which can either be attained as an undergraduate course or an individual training course.

Mediation has always been a sought after option historically. Today, a large number of colleges have started offering courses in dispute resolution and conflict management keeping in mind the needs of the globalised world. The growth rate of this field is exponential, and it is expected to overtake all the other areas soon.

7. Legal advisor

As the name suggests, upon receiving all the necessary documents from the client, legal advisors work towards providing useful advice regarding legal issues and transactions. Their job is different from that of arbitrators as the parties are in no sort of prior agreement to accept the suggestions made unconditionally.

They are also known as “in-house counsel”, “in-house lawyers” and “corporate counsel”. Often, they specialise in issues such as contract disputes, compensation issues and other workplace related conflicts. This job can fetch you USD 78,700 p.a. on an average.

It is a highly competitive field and merely getting a diploma won’t cut it. At least an LLB course from a recognized university should be completed. Moreover, working as a Legal Assistant can fetch amazing opportunities on this career path.

Though the beginning can be challenging, this career brings forth an array of opportunities in a diverse range of sectors. The flexible working hours, possibility of self employment and the financial merits are the cherry on the cake.

8. Project officer/assistant

These officers generally work for organisations which have their presence in the legal arena as well, for instance inter-governmental organisations or NGOs. Their scope of work is pretty wide and can range from carrying out awareness campaigns and brainstorming in research to even collaborating with beneficiaries directly. On an average, they make $72,500 p.a.

As a project officer, you can be heading a team in a consulting company, a marketing or finance organisation or take on roles in global organisations such as the UN, UNICEF, WHO and others where you will directly be working towards the welfare of people at large.

How to pursue a career in international law?

International law is a diverse and unrestricted field. That being said there is no fixed route into it. In fact, even professionals who are not from the legal field can work with the employers in supportive roles such as finance and HR. However, if the legal aspects interest you, then here’s how you can pursue a career in international law.

It is prudent to supplement your legal degree with a masters course in international affairs or a related field.
Knowledge and skills gained through internships are indispensable.
Besides a keen interest in pursuing law in a global setting, an aspirant should also have command over an international language and robust overseas experience. French, German, Japanese, Russian are the most in demand.
While the formal qualifications are vital too, the interpersonal skills shouldn’t be overlooked either. They include –
- Keen interest in law
- Relevant skills right from research and drafting to advocacy.
- Incredible flexibility and adaptability to shine either in challenging environments or firms with a broader base which are indulged in other service areas as well.
- Good grasp on cultural awareness to forge cordial bonds in a multinational setup
- Good eye for judgement and an analytical bent of mind

Let us get you into top courses with no stress

International law can immensely add to the depth of your career. By becoming well-versed in global best practices, you can open up many opportunities for yourself. While becoming an international student is very thrilling, the prep and paperwork of it all can get overwhelming. The easiest way to reduce your stress is to sign up with TC Global.

We simplify international education, learning, and mobility through connecting students, universities, and a global community on a single platform where there are over 1000+ education providers and over 80,000+ courses.

Our platform enables students to study anywhere in the world in just a few steps. From search and discovery and finding the right course fit for you, to applications, visas and departure – we see you through it all.

To move forward with us, download our app or visit tcglobal.com and sign in to create an account on our student platform and onboard with us in quick, easy steps.! 🚀

Then simply set up a visit Calendly.com/tcglobal to pick a Relationships Team closest to you and choose a slot to meet with a Relationship Member.

Let’s shape your future together.

Date added

05.03.2024

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Termination

TC Global may terminate your access to all or any part of the Service at any time, with or without cause, with or without notice, effective immediately, which may result in the forfeiture and destruction of all information associated with your membership. If you wish to terminate your account, you may do so by contacting us at hello@tcglobal.com till we develop the procedure on the website and apps. Any fees paid hereunder are non-refundable. All provisions of these Terms of Use which by their nature should survive termination shall survive termination, including, without limitation, ownership provisions, warranty disclaimers, indemnity and limitations of liability.

Warranty Disclaimer

Save to the extent required by law, TC Global has no special relationship with or fiduciary duty to you. You acknowledge that TC Global has no control over, and no duty to take any action regarding: which users gain access to the Service; what Content you access via the Service; what effects the Content may have on you; how you may interpret or use the Content; or what actions you may take as a result of having been exposed to the Content.

You release TC Global from all liability for you having acquired or not acquired Content through the Service. The Service may contain, or direct you to websites containing, information that some people may find offensive or inappropriate. TC Global makes no representations concerning any Content contained in or accessed through the Service, and TC Global will not be responsible or liable for the accuracy, copyright compliance, legality or decency of material contained in or accessed through the Service and cannot be held liable for any third-party claims, losses or damages.

You release us from all liability relating to your connections and relationships with other users. You understand that we do not, in any way, screen users, nor do we inquire into the backgrounds of users or attempt to verify their backgrounds or statements. We make no representations or warranties as to the conduct of users or the veracity of any information users provide. In no event shall we be liable for any damages whatsoever, whether direct, indirect, general, special, compensatory, consequential, and/or incidental, arising out of or relating to the conduct of you or anyone else in connection with the Services, including, without limitation, bodily injury, emotional distress, and any damages resulting in any way from communications or meetings with users or persons you may otherwise meet through the Services. As such, you agree to take reasonable precautions and exercise the utmost personal care in all interactions with any individual you come into contact with through the Service,
particularly if you decide to meet such individuals in person. For example, you should not, under any circumstances, provide your financial information (e.g., credit card or bank account numbers) to other individuals.

THE SITE, SERVICE AND CONTENT ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", "AS AVAILABLE" AND ARE PROVIDED WITHOUT ANY REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF TITLE, NONINFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND ANY WARRANTIES IMPLIED BY ANY COURSE OF PERFORMANCE OR USAGE OF TRADE, ALL OF WHICH ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED, SAVE TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY LAW.

TC GLOBAL, AND ITS AFFILIATES, TEAM, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, SUPPLIERS, PARTNERS AND CONTENT PROVIDERS DO NOT WARRANT THAT: (A) THE SERVICE WILL BE SECURE OR AVAILABLE AT ANY PARTICULAR TIME OR LOCATION; (B) ANY DEFECTS OR ERRORS WILL BE CORRECTED; (C) ANY CONTENT OR SOFTWARE AVAILABLE AT OR THROUGH THE SERVICE IS FREE OF VIRUSES OR OTHER HARMFUL COMPONENTS; OR (D) THE RESULTS OF USING THE SERVICE WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS. YOUR USE OF THE WEBSITE, SERVICE AND CONTENT IS SOLELY AT YOUR OWN RISK. SOME STATES / COUNTRIES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

Indemnification

You shall defend, indemnify, and hold harmless TC Global, its affiliates and each of its and its affiliates' employees, contractors, directors, suppliers and representatives from all losses, costs, actions, claims, damages, expenses (including reasonable legal costs) or liabilities, that arise from or relate to your use or misuse of, or access to, the Site, Service, Content or otherwise from your User Submissions, violation of these Terms of Use, or infringement by you, or any third party using the your account, of any intellectual property or other right of any person or entity (save to the extent that a court of competent jurisdiction holds that such claim arose due to an act or omission of TC Global). TC Global reserves the right to assume the exclusive defense and control of any matter otherwise subject to indemnification by you, in which event you will assist and cooperate with TC Global in asserting any available defenses.

Limitation of Liability

ALL LIABILITY OF TC GLOBAL, ITS AFFILIATES, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, SUPPLIERS OR CONTENT PROVIDERS HOWSOEVER ARISING FOR ANY LOSS SUFFERED AS A RESULT OF YOUR USE OF THE SITE, SERVICE, CONTENT OR USER SUBMISSIONS IS EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, SAVE THAT, IF A COURT OF COMPETENT JURISDICTION DETERMINES THAT LIABILITY OF TC GLOBAL, ITS DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, SUPPLIERS OR CONTENT PROVIDERS (AS APPLICABLE) HAS ARISEN, THE TOTAL OF SUCH LIABILITY SHALL BE LIMITED IN AGGREGATE TO THE VALUE OF TC GLOBAL'S SERVICES AVAILED BY THE USER FOR 12 MONTHS PRIOR TO THE INITIATION OF A CLAIM.

TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT SHALL TC GLOBAL, NOR ITS DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, SUPPLIERS OR CONTENT PROVIDERS, BE LIABLE UNDER CONTRACT, TORT, STRICT LIABILITY, NEGLIGENCE OR ANY OTHER LEGAL OR EQUITABLE THEORY OR OTHERWISE (AND WHETHER OR NOT TC GLOBAL, ITS DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, SUPPLIERS OR CONTENT PROVIDERS HAD PRIOR KNOWLEDGE OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES GIVING RISE TO SUCH LOSS OR DAMAGE) WITH RESPECT TO THE SITE, SERVICE, CONTENT OR USER SUBMISSIONS FOR:

INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSSES OR DAMAGES;
LOSS OF ACTUAL OR ANTICIPATED PROFITS;
LOSS OF REVENUE;
LOSS OF GOODWILL;
LOSS OF DATA;
LOSS OF ANTICIPATED SAVINGS;
WASTED EXPENDITURE; OR
COST OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUE GOODS OR SERVICES.

NOTHING IN THESE TERMS OF USE SHALL BE DEEMED TO EXCLUDE OR LIMIT YOUR LIABILITY IN RESPECT OF ANY INDEMNITY GIVEN BY YOU UNDER THESE TERMS OF USE. APPLICABLE LAW MAY NOT ALLOW THE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY OR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. IN SUCH CASES, TC GLOBAL'S LIABILITY WILL BE LIMITED TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.

Governing Law

A printed version of these Terms of Use and of any notice given in electronic form shall be admissible in judicial or administrative proceedings based upon or relating to these Terms of Use to the same extent and subject to the same conditions as other business documents and records originally generated and maintained in printed form. You and TC Global agree that any cause of action arising out of or related to the Service must commence within one (1) year after the cause of action arose; otherwise, such cause of action is permanently barred.

Terms of Use and all other policies available on this Service shall be interpreted and construed in accordance with the laws of India. Any dispute arising out of or in connection with these Terms of Use and/ or other policies available on this App, including any question regarding its existence, validity or termination, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration administered by the Singapore International Arbitration Centre ("SIAC") in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre ("SIAC Rules") for the time being in force, which rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference in this clause. The Tribunal shall consist of 3 arbitrators. The seat and venue of Arbitration shall be Singapore and the language of proceedings shall be English. Subject to the foregoing, the Courts of Singapore shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any disputes relating to the subject matter, herein.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a dispute arises with respect to the validity, scope, enforceability, inventorship, ownership, infringement, breach or unauthorised use of any patent, trademark, copyright or other intellectual property right or any non-proprietary data owned and/or controlled by TC Global, whether or not arising from the Terms of Use, such dispute (at the option of TC Global) shall not be submitted to arbitration and instead, TC Global shall be free to initiate litigation, including but not limited to a claim for interim injunctive relief, in a court of competent jurisdiction, in any country or other jurisdiction in which such rights apply.

Integration and Severability

These Terms of Use are the entire agreement between you and TC Global with respect to the Service and use of the Site, Service, Content or User Submissions, and supersede all prior or contemporaneous communications and proposals (whether oral, written or electronic) between you and TC Global with respect to the Site. If any provision of these Terms of Use is found to be unenforceable or invalid, that provision will be limited or eliminated to the minimum extent necessary so that these Terms of Use will otherwise remain in full force and effect and enforceable. The failure of either party to exercise in any respect any right provided for herein shall not be deemed a waiver of any further rights hereunder. Waiver of compliance in any particular instance does not mean that we will waive compliance in the future. In order for any waiver of compliance with these Terms of Use to be binding, TC Global must provide you with written notice of such waiver through one of its authorized representatives.

Modification of Terms of Use

TC Global reserves the right, at its sole discretion, to modify or replace any of these Terms of Use, or change, suspend, or discontinue the Service (including without limitation, the availability of any feature, database, or content) at any time by posting a notice on the Site or by sending you notice through the Service or via email. TC Global may also impose limits on certain features and services or restrict your access to parts or all of the Service without notice or liability. It is your responsibility to check these Terms of Use periodically for changes. Your continued use of the Service following the posting of any changes to these Terms of Use constitutes acceptance of those changes. You shall also be notified of any modifications to these Terms of Use as and when effected or at least once a year.

Other Provisions

Claims of Copyright or Trademark Infringement

Claims of copyright or trademark infringement should be sent to TC Global's designated agent. If you believe that someone is infringing your copyright or trademark rights on the Site, you can report it to us by contacting our designated agent at hello@thechoprasglobal.com with a report containing the following information:

your complete contact information (name, mailing address and phone number),
a detailed description of the Content that you claim infringes your copyright or trademark along with details on how it infringes upon your copyright or trademark,
the web address (URL) of the infringing content,
a declaration that you are filing this report in good faith and that all the information provided is accurate and that you are the owner of the copyright and/or trademark in question.

Please attach your digital signature or physical signature to the report.

Within 36 hours of receiving this notice with the above mentioned details, we will take down the allegedly infringing material from public view while we assess the issues identified in your notice.

On completion of the take-down procedure above:

If the complainant is successful in obtaining an order of injunction from a court of competent jurisdiction within 21 days from filing the complaint, the material will be permanently removed from TC Global's Site and database upon TC Global being provided with a copy of such order;
If the complainant is not successful in obtaining an order of injunction from a court of competent jurisdiction within 21 days from receiving notice from the complainant, the material will be made available for public view once again.

Before you submit a report of infringement, you may want to send a message to the person who posted the Content. You may be able to resolve the issue without contacting TC Global. Please remember, only the copyright/trademark owner or their authorized representative may file a report of infringement. If you believe something on the Site infringes someone else's copyright/trademark, you may want to let the rights owner know.

Notice

TC Global may give notice by means of a general notice on the Site / Service, notification within the mobile application on your account, electronic mail to your email address in your account, or by written communication sent to your address as set forth in your account. You may give notice to TC Global by written communication to TC Global's email address at hello@tcglobal.com or physical address at No. 3, Shenton Way, #10-05/06, Shenton House, Singapore, 068805.

General

You may not assign or transfer these Terms of Use in whole or in part without TC Global's prior written approval. You hereby give your approval to TC Global for it to assign or transfer these Terms in whole or in part, including to: (i) a subsidiary or affiliate; (ii) an acquirer of TC Global's equity, business or assets; or (iii) a successor by merger. No joint venture, partnership, employment or agency relationship exists between you, TC Global or any Third Party Provider as a result of the contract between you and TC Global or use of the Services.

If any provision of these Terms is held to be illegal, invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, under any law, such provision or part thereof shall to that extent be deemed not to form part of these Terms but the legality, validity and enforceability of the other provisions in these Terms shall not be affected. In that event, the parties shall replace the illegal, invalid or unenforceable provision or part thereof with a provision or part thereof that is legal, valid and enforceable and that has, to the greatest extent possible, a similar effect as the illegal, invalid or unenforceable provision or part thereof, given the contents and purpose of these Terms. These Terms constitute the entire agreement and understanding of the parties with respect to its subject matter and replaces and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous agreements or undertakings regarding such subject matter. In these Terms, the words "including" and "include" mean "including, but not limited to."

Miscellaneous

TC Global shall not be liable for any failure to perform its obligations hereunder where such failure results from any cause beyond TC Global's reasonable control, including, without limitation, mechanical, electronic or communications failure or degradation (including "line-noise" interference). These Terms of Use are personal to you, and are not assignable, transferable or sublicensable by you except with TC Global's prior written consent. TC Global may assign, transfer or delegate any of its rights and obligations hereunder without consent. No agency, partnership, joint venture, or employment relationship is created as a result of these Terms of Use and neither party has any authority of any kind to bind the other in any respect.

Unless otherwise specified in these Term of Use, all notices under these Terms of Use will be in writing and will be deemed to have been duly given when received, if personally delivered or sent by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested; when receipt is electronically confirmed, if transmitted by facsimile or e-mail; or the day after it is sent, if sent for next day delivery by recognized overnight delivery service.

I authorise TC Global & its representatives to contact me with updates and notifications via Email/SMS/What'sApp/Call. This will override DND/NDNC.

Contact

You may contact us at the following address:

The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd

SBF Centre, 160 Robinson Road, #16-10, Singapore - 068914

Our grievance / nodal officer may be contacted at:

Zishan Siddiqui

Grievance Officer

The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd

SBF Centre,

160 Robinson Road,

#16-10,

Singapore - 068914

Email: zishans@thechoprasglobal.com

Privileged and confidential

Privacy Policy | September 6, 2021

INTRODUCTION
1. The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd. is an entity registered in Singapore. We are engaged in the business of providing a global education, learning, and investment services Site which caters to students, professionals, universities, corporates and governments. We are committed to ensuring that privacy of our clients, visitors, and other users of the website https://tcglobal.com, its subdomains, the web applications and mobile applications ("Site") is always respected. This Privacy Policy ("Policy") is to serve as a testament to our sincere efforts to uphold privacy laws. In this Policy, "TC Global", "we", or "us" refers to The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd. and its affiliates and "you" refers to a user who has provided any information including Personal Information (as defined below) and using any features therein.
2. The protection and security of your Personal Information and Usage Information (as defined below) is one of our top priorities. This Privacy Policy discloses and explains how we collect, use, share and protect Personal Information, Usage Information or any other information about you. We also provide information regarding how you can access and update your Personal Information and make certain choices about how your Personal Information is used by us. This Privacy Policy does not apply to information we collect by other means (including offline) or from other sources.
3. This Privacy Policy explains what information of yours will be collected by TC Global when you access the Site, how the information will be used, and how you can control the collection, correction and/or deletion of information. We will not use or share your information with anyone except as described in this Privacy Policy. The use of information collected through our Site shall be limited to the purposes under this Privacy Policy.
INFORMATION COLLECTION BY TC GLOBAL
1. Data Controller and Data Processor:
  TC Global controls, collects, owns and directs the use of the Personal Information and Usage Information on its Site and TC Global is the data controller and data processor as regards the Personal Information and Usage Information collected on its Site. For any queries regarding this Privacy Policy and the collection and use of data collected or processed under this Privacy Policy, TC Global can be contacted by mail at The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd, SBF Centre, 160 Robinson Road, #16-10, Singapore - 068914; by phone at +65 9825 6174 or by e-mail at hello@thechoprasglobal.com.
2. Legal basis for collection and processing of Personal/Usage Information:
  The legal basis for collection and processing of any information collected and processed by TC Global including the Personal Information is (i) your consent at the time of providing the Personal Information; (ii) where it is in our legitimate interests to do so and not overridden by your rights (for example, in some cases for direct marketing, fraud prevention, network and information systems security, responding to your communications, the operation of networks of groups by the network administrators, and improving our Site). In some cases, we may also have a legal obligation to collect information about you or may otherwise need the information to protect your vital interests or those of another person. We may also process information to comply with a legal requirement or to perform a contract.
3. Basic Information
  TC Global may ask you to provide certain categories of information such as personal information, which is information that coold reasonably be used to identify you personally, such as your name, gender, family details, address, e-mail address, nationality, details of your passport and other government ID, financial information, academic record / education history, date of birth, mobile number, travel history and medical records ("Personal Information"), when you access the Site, in order to provide you with the services requested.
  Additionally, we may collect this information through various forms and in various places through the Site, including when you first register with us, when you create a transaction, when you contact us, when you update your information or from time to time or when you otherwise interact with us. TC Global may include registration, surveys, and other online forums where users will need to provide Personal Information.
4. Additional Information
  1. Cookies: TC Global may use standard "cookie" browser application feature to collect and understand Site usability trends. Cookies are text files that we may place in your computer browser to store your preferences. Cookies are used to record various aspects of your visit and assist us in providing you with uninterrupted service. One of the primary purposes of cookies is to store your preferences and other information on your computer in order to save you time by eliminating the need to repeatedly enter the same information and to display your personalized content. Cookies are divided into "first party" and "third party":
    First party cookies are the cookies served by the owner of the domain. In our case, that's TC Global. Any cookie we place ourselves is a "first-party cookie."
    
    Third-party cookies are cookies placed on our domains by trusted partners that we've allowed to do so. These can be social media partners, advertising partners, security providers, and more. And they can be either "session cookies" or "permanent cookies":
    
    Session cookies only exist until you close your browser, ending what's called your "session." Then they're deleted.
    
    Permanent cookies have a range of lifespans and stay on your device after the browser is closed. On the Site, we try to only serve permanent cookies (or allow permanent cookies to be served by third parties) that have a limited lifespan. However, for security reasons or in other exceptional circumstances, sometimes we may need to give a cookie a longer lifespan.
    
    Web browser cookies may store info such as your IP address or other identifiers, your browser type, and info about the content you view and interact with on digital services. By storing this info, web browser cookies can remember your preferences and settings for online services and analyze how you use them.
    
    Along with cookies, we also use tracking technologies that are very similar. Our Site may contain small transparent image files or lines of code that record how you interact with them. These include "web beacons," "scripts," "tracking URLs," or "software development kits" (known as SDKs):
    
    Web beacons have a lot of different names. They might also be known as web bugs, tracking bugs, tags, web tags, page tags, tracking pixels, pixel tags, 1x1 GIFs, or clear GIFs. In short, these beacons are a tiny graphic image of just one pixel that can be delivered to your device as part of a web page request, in an app, an advertisement, or an HTML email message. They can be used to retrieve info from your device, such as your device type, operating system, IP address, and the time of your visit. They are also used to serve and read cookies in your browser or to trigger the placement of a cookie.
    
    Scripts are small computer programs embedded within our web pages that give those pages a wide variety of extra functionality. Scripts make it possible for the website to function properly. For example, scripts power certain security features and enable basic interactive features on our website. Scripts can also be used for analytical or advertising purposes. For example, a script can collect info about how you use our website, such as which pages you visit or what you search for.
    
    Tracking URLs are links with a unique identifier in them. These are used to track which website brought you to the Site. An example woold be if you clicked from a social media page, search engine, or one of our affiliate partners' websites.
    
    Software Development Kits (SDKs) are part of our apps' source code. Unlike browser cookies, SDK data is stored in the app storage. They're used to analyze how the apps are being used or to send personalized push notifications. To do this, they record unique identifiers associated with your device, like your device ID, IP address, in-app activity, and network location.
    
    All these tracking technologies are referred to as "cookies" here in this Cookie Statement.
    However, no Personal Information identifying the user is collected nor any data capture mechanisms are employed. The user may change browser settings to accept or reject cookies on personal preference. You have the ability to accept or decline cookies. Most web browsers automatically accept cookies, but you can usually modify the browser setting to decline cookies if you so prefer. If you choose to decline cookies, you may not be able to sign in or use other interactive features of the Site that may depend on cookies. If you choose to accept cookies, you also have the ability to later delete cookies that you have accepted. If you choose to delete cookies, any settings and preferences controlled by those cookies, including advertising preferences, will be deleted and may need to be recreated. We process and keep all data for our own use and, if you wish to opt-out from tracking by TC Global you can do so at hello@thechoprasglobal.com
  2. Information Collected Automatically: In addition to any Personal Information or other information that you choose to submit to us, we may use a variety of technologies that automatically (or passively) collect certain information whenever you access the Site ("Usage Information"). This Usage Information may include the browser that you are using, the URL that referred you to our Site, mobile device model (manufacturer), OS type (IOS/android), OS version, network carrier, IP address, mobile screen size, time zone of the user, browser details, among other information. Usage Information may be non-identifying or may be associated with you. Whenever we associate Usage Information with your Personal Information, we will treat it as Personal Information and the conditions relating to Personal Information under this Privacy Policy will be followed. Traffic data, while anonymous, is gathered and analysed for business needs.
  3. Information Third Parties Provide About You: We may, from time to time, supplement the information we collect about you through our Site with outside records from third parties obtained rightfolly in order to enhance our ability to serve you, to tailor our content to you and to offer you opportunities to use such of our Services that we believe may be of interest to you. We may combine the information we receive from such third party sources with information we collect through the Site or through independent research conducted by TC Global, with your consent. In these cases, we will apply this Privacy Policy to any Personal Information received, unless otherwise provided. We may process such information received from third parties for legitimate commercial purposes or to enter into contractual obligations with you or to folfil certain contractual obligations or where you have requested third parties to provide information about yourself to us.
5. Processing of Data:
  TC Global may also process any Personal Information or Usage Information collected from you for legitimate commercial purposes including to provide you with the requisite information requested. A list of uses of the Personal Information and Usage Information collected is provided at Section 3 of this Policy (Use of Information Collected).
  TC Global implements appropriate technical and organisational measures to ensure a level of security appropriate to the risk of our processing of information about individuals such as (i) only sharing and providing access to your information to the minimum extent necessary, subject to confidentiality restrictions where appropriate, and on an anonymised basis wherever possible; (ii) using secure servers to store your information; (iii) verifying the identity of any individual who requests access to information prior to granting them access to information; and (iv) using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) software or other similar encryption technologies to encrypt any payment transactions you make on or via our Site.
6. Right of a user in relation to data submitted:
  Any user who has submitted Personal Information on the Site has the right to (i) access, correct, delete such Personal Information subject to us successfolly verifying your identity; (ii) object to us processing your Personal Information on legitimate grounds; (iii) to withdraw your consent to our use of your information at any time where we rely on your consent to use or process that information; (iv) opting out of receiving any promotional or marketing material by clicking on the "Unsubscribe" button or by sending an email to [hello@thechoprasglobal.com]. Please note that if you withdraw your consent, this will not affect the lawfolness of our use and processing of your information on the basis of your consent before the point in time when you withdraw your consent; (v) right to have the Personal Information transferred to another data controller; and (vi) lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority, in particolar in the jurisdiction of your habitual residence, place of work or of an alleged infringement of any applicable data protection laws. Any request received by us by the user in relation to the aforesaid shall be acknowledged by us within seventy-two (72) business hours.
USE OF INFORMATION COLLECTED
1. Business Purposes:
  TC Global does not share any Personal Information with any third party without your consent, except when directed by the law. TC Global can use this data to verify user identity in line with engagement initiated by the user. We will communicate with you using the contact information provided by you in order to respond to any queries that you may have and to provide any information that you may request regarding the services provided through the Site. We may communicate with you either by written, physical communication, email, telephone, SMS or via notifications on your mobile device. We may also send strictly service-related announcements to you periodically and when it is necessary to do so. For instance, if our services are temporarily suspended for maintenance, we might send you an email, text message, flash notification or telephone call. If you do not wish to receive such alerts, you have the option to unsubscribe from such emails or opt out by sending an email to hello@thechoprasglobal.com.
  
  We may use Personal Information or Usage Information collected through the Site in the following ways:
  - to operate and improve our Site and tools associated with the Site;
  - to create aggregated and anonymized information to determine which Site features are most popolar and usefol to users, and for other statistical analyses;
  - to prevent, discover and investigate violations of this Privacy Policy or the Terms of Use of the Site, and to investigate fraud or other matters;
  - To customize the content or the services on the Site for you, or the communications sent to you through the Site.
  - To help provide you the services accessible through the Site, which may include liaising and providing information to visa/customs/immigration offices of various countries and admissions offices of universities situated across the globe;
  - To observe, improve and administer the quality of services on the Site;
  - To analyze how the Site is used, diagnose technical problems;
  - Remember the basic information provided by you for effective access;
  - To confirm your identity in order to determine your eligibility to use the Site and avail our services;
  - To notify you about any changes to the Site;
  - To enable TC Global to comply with its legal and regolatory obligations;
  - For the purpose of sending administrative notices, service-related alerts and other similar communication with a view to optimizing the efficiency of the Site;
  - Doing market research, troubleshooting, protection against error, project planning, fraud and other criminal activity; and
  - To enforce TC Global's Terms of Use.
  - Marketing activities: We use your information for marketing activities. These activities include:
    1. Using your contact info to send you regolar news about relevant products and services. You can unsubscribe from email marketing communications quickly, easily, and anytime. All you need to do is click the "Unsubscribe" link included in each newsletter or other communication.
    2. Based on your info, individualized offers might be shown to you on the Site, on mobile apps, or on third-party websites/apps (including social media sites), and the content of the site displayed to you might be personalized. These coold be offers that you can book directly on the Site, on co-branded sites, or other third-party offers or products we think you might find interesting.
    3. When you participate in other promotional activities (e.g. sweepstakes, referral programs, or competitions), relevant info will be used to administer these promotions.
2. Anonymous:
  We may share non-Personal Information, such as aggregated user statistics and log data, with our business partners for industry analysis, demographic profiling, to deliver targeted advertising about other products or services, or for other business purposes. This information is solely used to analyze company Site and understand usage statistics, as mentioned above, is anonymous. The company may share this data with its business partners on anonymous basis. We do not sell, share, rent or trade the information we have collected about you, including Personal Information, other than as disclosed within this Privacy Policy or at the time you provide your information. We do not share your Personal Information with third parties for those third parties' direct marketing purposes unless you consent to such sharing at the time you provide your Personal Information.
3. Administrative and Legal Reasons:
  We cooperate with government and law enforcement officials and private parties to enforce and comply with the law. Thus, we may access, use, store, transfer and disclose your information (including Personal Information), including disclosure to third parties such as government or law enforcement officials or private parties as we reasonably determine is necessary and appropriate: (i) to satisfy any applicable law, regolation, governmental requests or legal process; (ii) to protect the safety, rights, property or security of TC Global, our services, the Site or any third party; (iii) to protect the safety of the public for any reason; (iv) to detect, prevent or otherwise address fraud, security or technical issues; and /or (v) to prevent or stop any activity we consider to be, or to pose a risk of being, an illegal, unethical, or legally actionable activity. Such disclosures may be carried out without notice to you.
4. Business Transfer:
  We may share your information, including your Personal Information and Usage Information with our parent, subsidiaries and affiliates for internal reasons. We also reserve the right to disclose and transfer all such information: (i) to a subsequent owner, co-owner or operator of the Site or applicable database; or (ii) in connection with a corporate merger, consolidation, restructuring, the sale of substantially all of our membership interests and/or assets or other corporate change, including, during the course of any due diligence process. You will be notified via email and/or a prominent notice on our Site of any change in ownership or uses of your personal information, as well as any choices you may have regarding your personal information. We will endeavor that the transferee who is the recipient of Personal Information and Usage Information commits to privacy measures which are substantially similar to the measures under this privacy policy.
THIRD PARTY CONTENT AND LINKS TO THIRD PARTY SERVICES
We do not include or offer third party products or services on our Site.
DATA TRANSFER
Your information may be stored and processed in Singapore or any other country in which TC Global or its subsidiaries, affiliates or service providers maintain facilities. TC Global may transfer information that we collect about you, including Personal Information, to affiliated entities, or to other third parties across borders and from your country or jurisdiction to other countries or jurisdictions around the world. These countries may have data protection laws that are different to the laws of your country and, in some cases, may not be as protective. We have taken appropriate safeguards to require that your information will remain protected in accordance with this Privacy Policy by entering into requisite agreements with the concerned transferees.
DATA RETENTION
Your information will be retained with TC Global as long as it is needed by TC Global to provide services to you. If you wish to cancel your account or request that TC Global no longer uses your information to provide services, you may contact TC Global at hello@tcglobal.com.. TC Global will promptly delete the information as requested. TC Global will retain and use your information as necessary to comply with its legal obligations, resolve disputes, and enforce its agreements or for other business purposes. When TC Global has no ongoing legitimate business need to process your information, we will either delete or anonymize it.
CONTACT & POLICY UPDATES
In case on any queries on this privacy policy, please contact us at hello@thechoprasglobal.com. TC Global reserves the right to update or modify any part of this policy or make any changes without prior notice to the user. The user is advised to check this page periodically to stay abreast of any policy changes by us.
CHANGE OF INFORMATION AND CANCELLATION OF ACCOUNT
You are responsible for maintaining the accuracy of the information you submit to us, such as your contact information provided as part of account registration. If your Personal Information changes, or if you no longer desire to access the Site, you may correct, delete inaccuracies, or amend information by contacting us through hello@tcglobal.com and we will respond within 72 hours of receipt of communication.
You have the right to request that we rectify or delete the personal data or restrict the processing of your personal data, if you think they are inaccurate. Furthermore, you have the right to object against the processing based on our legitimate interests as a legal basis. We are required to assess and act on your request. Additionally, you also have the right to data portability if it shoold become relevant. You have a right to lodge a complaint with your local supervisory authority.
[You may also cancel or modify your communications that you have elected to receive from the Site by logging into your user account and changing your communication preferences.
If you wish to cancel your account or request that we no longer use your information to provide you details with respect to our services and the Site, please write to us at hello@tcglobal.com.
OPT-OUT
If you wish to opt out of receiving non-essential communications such as promotional and marketing-related information regarding the Site and our services, please send TC Global an email at hello@tcglobal.com.
CHANGES TO THE PRIVACY POLICY
From time to time, we may update this Privacy Policy to reflect changes to our information practices. Any changes will be effective immediately upon the posting of the revised Privacy Policy on the Site. If we make any material changes, we will notify you by email (sent to the e-mail address specified in your account) or by means of a notice on the Site prior to the change becoming effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.
GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL
If you have any questions or concerns about this Privacy Policy, please feel free to contact us by writing to us at hello@thechoprasglobal.com or using the details provided on our 'Contact Us' page. We will use reasonable efforts to respond promptly to requests, questions or concerns you may have regarding our use of personal information about you. Except where required by law, TC Global cannot ensure a response to questions or comments regarding topics unrelated to this policy or Company's privacy practices.
CONSENT
By consenting to the terms under this Privacy Policy, you are expressly granting TC Global the right to collect, share, transfer, store, retain, disseminate or use the Personal Information/Usage Information collected by TC Global from your usage of the Site in accordance with the terms of the Privacy Policy. You may, at any time, withdraw consent for the collection or processing of Personal Information/Usage Information by sending an email to hello@tcglobal.com. TC Global, shall within 72 hours delete or anonymize the data collected from you.
When you voluntarily send us electronic mail / fillup the form, we will keep a record of this information so that we can respond to you. We only collect information from you when you register on our site or fill out a form. Also, when filling out a form on our site, you may be asked to enter your: name, e-mail address or phone number. You may, however, visit our site anonymously. In case you have submitted your personal information and contact details, we reserve the rights to Call, SMS, Email or WhatsApp about our products and offers, even if your number has DND activated on it.
CONTACT US
If you have any questions about this Privacy Policy, please contact us:
By email: hello@thechoprasglobal.com

In the event of any grievances, user can contact the grievance officer at zishans@thechoprasglobal.com or write to us at the following address:

Zishan Siddiqui

Grievance Officer

The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd

SBF Centre,

160 Robinson Road,

#16-10,

Singapore - 068914

Careers in International Law: A Comprehensive Guide (2024)

What is the scope of international law?

Branches of International Law

1. Public International Law:

Why study LLM in international law?

What are the eligibility criteria required to study LLM?

What are the top universities to do a masters in International Law?

What are the career options?

1. Corporate lawyer

Associate

Partner

2. Chief Legal Managers

3. Diplomat

4. Industry Experts

5. Policy advisor

6. Mediator

7. Legal advisor

8. Project officer/assistant

How to pursue a career in international law?

Let us get you into top courses with no stress

Date added

05.03.2024

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